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ACRYLIC/WOOD
- The generic name for wood-plastic-composites utilizing
wood impregnated with acrylic monomers and polymerized within
the wood cells by gamma irradiation. Some versions are cured
by heat radiation. (In the case of acrylic/wood parquet,
a semi-built-in finish is developed.)
AIR-DRIED - Dried by exposure to air
in a yard or shed without artificial heat.
ANNUAL GROWTH RING - The layer of wood growth, including
spring and summerwood formed on a tree during a single
growing season.
BASE SHOE - A
molding designed to be attached to base molding to cover
expansion space. Similar to quarter round in profile.
BASTARD SAWN - Lumber (primarily hardwoods)
in which the annual rings make angles of 30 Degrees to
60 Degrees with the surface of the piece. (Also known
as Rift Sawn)
BEVELED EDGE - (See Eased Edge)
BOARD FOOT - A unit of measurement of
lumber represented by a board I foot long, 12 inches wide,
and 1 inch thick or its cubic equivalent. In practice,
the board foot calculation for lumber 1 inch or more in
thickness is based on its nominal thickness and width
and the actual length. Lumber with a nominal thickness
of less than 1 inch is calculated as 1 inch.
BOW - The distortion of lumber in which
there is a deviation, in a direction perpendicular to
the flat face, from a straight line from end to end of
the piece.
BURL - A swirl or twist of the grain
of the wood which usually occurs near a knot, but does
not contain a knot.
CHECK - A lengthwise
separation of the wood that usually extends across the
rings of annual growth and commonly results from stress
set up in wood during air drying or kiln-drying.
CHIPBOARD - A paperboard used for many
purposes that mayor may not have specifications for strength,
color, or other characteristics. It is normally made from
paper stock with a relatively low density in the thickness
of 0.006 inch and up.
COMPRESSION SET - Caused when wood
strips or parquet slats absorb excess moisture and expand
so much that the cells along the edges of adjoining pieces
in the floor are crushed. This causes them to loose resiliency
and creates cracks when the floor returns to its normal
moisture content.
CONIFEROUS - (See Softwoods)
CROOK - The distortion of a board in
which there is a deviation, in a direction perpendicular
to the edge, from a straight line from end to end of the
piece.
CROSSPULL - A condition occurring at
an end-joint with the ends of flooring strips pulled in
opposite directions.
CROWNING - A "convex" or "crowned"
condition or appearance of individual strips, with the
center of the strip higher than the edges. (Opposite of
cupping.)
CUPPING - A "concave" or "dished"
appearance of individual strips, with the edges raised
above the center. (Opposite of crowning)
CURE - To change the properties of an
adhesive by chemical reaction ( which may be condensation,
polymer¬ization, or vulcanization) and thereby develop
maximum strength. Generally accomplished by the action
of heat or a catalyst, with or without pressure.
CUSTOM FLOORS - Wood floors that are
made to order. Complete flexibility is allowed for design,
species, grade, etc.
DECAY - The decomposition
of wood by fungi. <
• Advanced Decay - The older stage of decay in which destruction
is readily recognized by soft, pitted, or crumbly areas.
Decided discoloration or bleaching of the rotted wood
is often apparent.
• Incipient Decay _. The early stage of decay that has
not proceeded far enough to soften or otherwise perceptibly
impair the hardness of the wood. It is usually accompanied
by a slight discoloration or bleaching of the wood.
DELAMINATION - The separation of layers
in a laminate, through failure within the adhesive, or
at the bond between adhesive and laminate.
DECIDUOUS – (See Hardwoods)
DIFFUSE - POROUS WOODS - Certain Hardwoods
in which the pores tend to be uniform in size and distri¬bution
throughout each annual ring or to decrease in size slightly
and gradually toward the outer border of the annual growth
ring. (EXAMPLE: Hard Maple)
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY - The ability
to maintain the original intended dimensions when influenced
by a foreign substance. Wood is hygroscopic, and is not
dimensional stable with changes in moisture content below
the fibre saturation point.
DISTRESSED - A heavy artificial texture
in which the floor has been scraped, scratched, or gouged
to give it a time-worn antique look. (A common method
of distressing is wirebrushing.)
DRY WALL - Interior covering material,
such as gypsum board, hardboard, or plywood, which is
applied in large sheets or panels
EASED EDGE -
The chamfered, or beveled edge, of strip flooring, plank,
block, and parquet at approximately 45 degree angle.
END - JOINT - The place where two pieces
of flooring are joined together end to end.
END MATCHED - In strip and plank flooring
the ends of individual pieces have a tongue milled on
one end and a groove milled on the opposite end, so that
when the individual strips or planks are butted together,
the tongue of one piece engages the groove of the next
piece.
OR (A male projection milled on one edge of a strip, plank,
slat or unit to be engaged with a female counterpart on
an adjoining unit.)
EOUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT - The moisture
content at which wood neither gains nor loses moisture
when surrounded by air at a given relative humidity and
temperature.
FEATURE STRIP
- A molding accessory for parquet floors utilized to separate
squares into patterns larger than the individual parquet
units. It is available in widths from 5/16" to 2",
the same thickness as the parquet, and is available in
various lengths. The strip is flat and may have grooves
on both sides to match the tongues of adjacent plank or
parquet.
FIBERBOARD - A broad generic tenn inclusive
of sheet materials of wisely varying densities manufactured
of refined or partially refined wood (or other vegetable)
fibers. Bonding agents and other materials may be added
to increase strength, resistance to moisture, fire, or
decay, or to improve some other property.
FIBER SATURATION POINT - The stage in
drying or wetting wood at which the cell walls are saturated
with water and the cell cavities are free from water.
It is usually taken as approximately 30% moisture content,
based on ovendry weight.
FIGURE - Inherent markings, designs, or configurations
on the surface of the wood produced by the annual growth
rings, rays, knots and deviations from regular grain.
FILLER - In woodworking, any substance
used to fill the holes and irregularities in planed or
sanded surfaces to decrease the porosity of the surface
before applying finish coatings.
Wood Filler - (for Cracks, Knot Holes, Worm Holes, Etc.)
Usually a commercial wood putty, Plastic Wood, or other
materials mixed to the consistency of putty.
A wood filler may also be mixed on the job using sander
dust from the final sanding, or other suitable material,
mixed with sealer, or finish.
FIRE RESISTANCE - The property of a material
or assembly, to withstand fIre or give protection from
it.
FIRE RETARDANT - A chemical or preparation
of chemicals used to reduce flammability or to retard
spread of a fIre over the surface.
FLAG - A heavy dark mineral streak shaped
like a banner.
FLAG WORM HOLE - One or more worm holes
surrounded by a mineral streak.
FLAME SPREAD - The propagation of a
flame away from the source of ignition across the surface
of a liquid or a solid, or through the volume of a gaseous
mixture.
FLECKS - The wide irregular conspicuous
figure in Quartersawn oak flooring. (Also, See Rays, Wood)
HARDWOOD - Generally,
one of the botanical groups of deciduous trees that have
broad leaves in contrast to the conifers or softwoods.
The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the
wood.
HEARTWOOD - The wood extending from
the pith of the sapwood, the cells of which no longer
participate in the life processes of the tree. It is usually
darker than sapwood.
HEAVY STREAKS - Spots and streaks of
sufficient size and density to severely mar the appearance
of the wood.
HONEY COMBING - Checks often not visible
at the surface, that occur in the interior of a piece
of wood, usually along the wood rays.
HYGROSCOPIC - A substance that can absorb
and retain moisture, or lose or throw off moisture. Wood
and Wood Products are hygroscopic. They expand with absorption
of moisture, and dimensions become smaller when moisture
is lost or thrown off.
INTUMESCE - To
expand with heat to provide a low density film; used in
reference to certain fire retardant coatings.
JOINTED FLOORING - Strip flooring, generally Birch, Beech
& Hard Maple or Pecan, manufactured with Square Edges
and no tongue or groove, usually endmatched. Used principally
for factory floors where the square edges make replacement
of strips easier.
JOIST - One of
a series of parallel beams used to support floor or ceiling
loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders,
or bearing walls.
KILN - (Pronounced
"Kill") A chamber having controlled air flow,
temperature, and relative humidity, for drying lumber,
veneer and other wood products.
KILN DRIED - Dried
in a Kiln with the use of artificial heat.
KNOT - That ponion of a branch or limb
which has been surrounded by subsequent growth of the
stem. The shape of the knot as it appears on a cut surface
depends on the angle of the cut relative to the long axis
of the knot.
• Small Knot - In hardwood strip flooring not over 1/2"
in diameter.
• Pin Knot - A knot that is not more than 1/2 inch in
diameter.
• Sound Knot - A knot cut approximately parallel to its
long axis so that the exposed section is definitely elongated.
LAMINATED WOOD
- An assembly made by bonding layers of veneer or lumber
with an adhesive. May also refer to edge-glued lumber
items such as treads, etc.
MANUFACTURING DEFECTS
- Includes all defects or blemishes that are produced
in manufacturing. such as chipped grain, torn grain, skips
in dressing, hit and miss (a series of surfaced areas
with skips between them), variation in machining, machine
burn, mis-matching.
MEDULLARY RAYS - Strips of cells extending
radially within a tree and varying in height from a few
cells in some species to four or more inches in oak:.
The rays serve primarily to store food and transport it
horizontally in the tree. On quartersawn oak:, the rays
form a conspicuous figure, sometimes referred to as Flecks.
MINERAL STREAK - Wood containing an
accumulation of mineral matter introduced by sap flow,
causing an un-natural color ranging from greenish brown
to black.
MIXED MEDIA - A wood floor that is predominantly
of wood but incorporates other materials such as slate,
stone, ceramic, marble or metal.
MOISTURE CONTENT - The amount of moisture
in wood expressed as a percentage of the weight of the
oven dry wood.
• NOFMA hardwood flooring is manufactured at 6% to 9%
moisture content, with a 5% allowance for pieces up to
12% moisture content.
• APA parquet flooring is to be 7% to 11 % moisture content
at time of shipment. 5% of the flooring may be outside
of this range.
MOSAIC PARQUET - A parquet flooring
made up of small solid pieces of wood (slats) assembled
in units that may consist of individual squares, units
with slats arranged in single or double herringbone design
units or squares bordered with slats of the same or contrasting
species.
NOSING - A hardwood
molding used to cover the outside corner of a step, milled
to meet the hardwood floor in the horizontal plane, to
meet the riser in the vertical plane. (Usually used on
landings.)
NOMINAL SIZE - As applied to timber
or lumber, the size by which it is known and sold in the
market; often differs from the actual size.
PAROUET - A patterned
floor.
PARQUET FLOOR SQUARE - Basically a "tile"
composed of individual slats held in place by a mechanical
fastening. A square mayor may not possess tongues and
grooves to interlock, and is not necessarily "square"
or regular in dimension.
PAROUET FLOOR UNITS - A unit consists
of four (sometimes three) or more squares or "tiles"
fastened together.
PARTICLEBOARD - A generic term for a
material manufactured from wood particles or other ligno¬cellulosic
material and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder.
• Flakeboard - A particle panel product composed of flakes.
• Oriented Strand Board - A type of particle panel product
composed of strand-type flakes which are purposefully
aligned in directions which make a panel stronger, stiffer,
and with improved dimensional properties in the alinement
directions than a panel with random flake orientation.
• Waferboard - A particle panel product made of wafer-type
flakes. Usually manufactured to possess equal properties
in all directions parallel to the plane of the panel.
PIN WORM HOLE - In hardwood flooring
- a small round hole not over 1/16" in diameter,
made by a small wood boring insect.
PITH - The small, soft core occurring
near the center of a tree trunk, branch, twig, or log.
PLAINS A WED - The annual growth rings
make an angle of less than 45 Degrees with the surface
of the piece. This exposes the pores of the springwood
and dense summerwood of the annual growth ring in ring
porous woods to produce a pleasing grain pattern.
PLANER BITE - A groove cut in the swface
of the piece deeper than intended by the planer knives.
PLANK - Solid boards, usually 3/4"
thick and 3" to 8" wide designed to be installed
in parallel rows. Edges may be beveled to simulate the
appearance of Colonial American plank: floors.
PLUGS - Dowels that simulate the Colonial
American plugged, or pegged plank look. Sometimes used
to cover counter-sunk screws when installing plank.
PREFINISHED - A completely finished
flooring that requires installation only.
QUARTERSAWED
- The annual growth rings form an angle of 45 Degrees
- 90 Degrees with the surface of the piece. In Quartersawed
strips the medullary rays or pith rays in ring porous
woods are exposed as flecks which are reflective and produce
a distinctive grain pattern.
RAISED GRAIN
- A roughened or fuzzy condition. on the face of the flooring
in which the dense summer¬wood in raised above the softer
springwood, but not tom or separated.
RAYS. WOOD - Strips of cells extending
radially within a tree and varying in height from a few
cells in some species to 4 inches or more in oak. The
rays serve primarily to store food and transport it horizontally
in the tree. On Quartersawn oak flooring, the rays form
a conspicuous figure, sometimes referred to as Flecks.
REDUCER STRIP - A teardrop shaped molding
accessory for hardwood flooring, normally used at doorways,
but sometimes at fireplaces and as a room divider. It
is grooved on one edge and tapered, or feathered, on the
other edge. Various lengths are available.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY - Ratio of the amount
of water vapor present in the air to that which the air
would hold at saturation at the same temperature. It is
usually considered on the basis of the weight of the vapor
but, for accuracy, should be considered on the basis of
vapor pressures.
RIFT SAWN - Lumber (primarily hardwoods)
in which the annual rings make angles of 30 Degrees to
60 Degrees with the surface of the piece. (Also known
as Bastard Sawn)
RING POROUS - A group of hardwoods in
which the pores are comparatively large at the beginning
of each annual growth ring and decrease in size, more
or less abruptly, toward the outer portion of the annual
growth ring. The large pores are springwood and the smaller
pores are summerwood.
SAPWOOD - The
wood near the outside of the tree. Usually lighter in
color than heartwood.
SAWN - (See Plainsawed. Quartersawed,
Bastardsawn)
SCREEDS - Usually a 2" X 4"laid
flat side down and attached to a concrete subfloor to
provide a nailing surface for tongued and grooved strip
flooring or a wood subfloor.
SLEEPER - Another name for SCREEDS.
SHAKE - A separation along the grain,
the greater part of which occurs between the annual growth
rings.
SHEATHING - The structural covering,
usually boards or plywood. placed over exterior studding
or rafters of a structure.
SLATS - The small solid hardwood pieces
which form Mosaic Parquet Squares.
SLIP-TONGUE - A spline or small strip
of wood or metal used to reverse or change direction in
installing standard tongue and groove strip flooring.
Sometimes used in laying 3/4" solid tongue and groove
parquet.
SOFTWOOD - General term used to describe
lumber produced from needle and/or cone bearing trees
(Conifers)
SPLIT - Separations of wood fiber running
parallel to the grain.
SQUARES - Usually composed of an equal
number of Slats.
SQUARE EDGE - A flooring that is NOT
Tongue & Grooved. Square edged strip flooring is face
nailed when installed. (Also See Jointed Flooring.)
SQUARE JOINT - Tongue & Grooved
strip or plank flooring with edges that are not eased
or beveled.
STAIN - A discoloration occurring in
or on flooring of any color other than the natural color
of the species. For instance, blue stain, brown stain.
STREAKS - (See Mineral Streaks)
STRIP FLOORING - Solid boards to be
installed in parallel rows now produced in these thicknesses
1/2", 3/4", 33/32" and these widths 1-1/2",
2", 2-1/4", and occasionally 3-1/4". The
strips are tongue and grooved and end matched. They are
for nail down installation directly to wood or plywood
subfloors; or over wood screeds on concrete slab construction.
STUD - One of a series of slender wood
structural members used as supporting elements in walls
and partitions.
TONGUE & GROOVE
(T&G) - In suip, plank:, and parquet flooring made
from strip, and some mosaic parquet; a tongue is milled
one edge and a groove on the opposite edge. As the flooring
is installed the tongue of each strip, slat, or unit,
is engaged with the groove of the adjacent strip or unit.
TRIM - The finish materials in a building,
such as moldings, applied around openings (window trim,
door trim) or at the floor and ceiling of rooms (baseboard,
shoemold, cornice, and other moldings)
UNFINISHED -
A product which must be sanded and have stain and/or a
finish applied after installation.
UNITS - Four or more basic Mosaic Parquet
Squares; or four or more slats in 3/4" parquet, usually
made from T &G strip flooring combined into a parquet
unit.
V-JOINT - A term
used in plank: flooring to indicate that edges are eased
or beveled to simulate cracks in floors of early Colonial
American homes.
VAPOR BARRIER - A material with a high
resistance to vapor movement, such as foil, plastic film,
or specially coated paper, that is used to control condensation
or prevent migration of moisture.
WARPING - Any distortion of a piece
of flooring from its true plane that may occur in seasoning.
WIRE BRUSHING - A method for imparting
an artificial texture or distressed appearance to the
surface of hardwood flooring.
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